First published in 1950,Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development outlined eight stages that Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development Explained the healthy person goes through. Each stage is defined by a crisis that creates or damages a person’s personality. The theory is based off Freud’s psychosexual stages,and also includes social influences. It has been criticized due to its generalisations but it has remained an integral part of psychology. It has also proved useful in changing the way we think of middle and late adulthood as a time of personal development rather than the time to live through.
The very first stage,infanthood lasts from birth up to about 18 months. At this point infants are totally dependent on their caregivers. The baby learns to trust their caregivers through being able to observe how they respond to their needs,such as comforting and feeding. The treatment they receive at this stage will have lasting effects for their security and confidence in themselves.
The stage of toddlerhood is Erikson’s third phase of psychosocial development. It is a period of time that spans from 18 months to 2 years. The child develops their independence during this stage,and the success or otherwise of this process can have a significant impact on the development of their personality and growth. A child who is unable overcome their shame and doubt will be struggling with these issues throughout their lives. If the child can get through this stage successfully then they may be able to develop intimate relationships in later years.
Preschool is the third phase of Erikson’s theories and occurs between the ages of three and five years. Children in this age group are developing their capacity to relate to other people as well as having an innate sense of self-confidence. Parents and teachers must encourage positive interactions with children at this stage. The positive interactions help to increase the independence of the child while providing guidance and support to their efforts. Negative interactions,such as negative criticism or indifference could harm the self-esteem of a child.
Elementary school is the fourth level of Erikson’s concept and can be found between 6 and 12 years of age. It is during this time that a child begins to feel pressure from other people such as teachers and peers. This is also the stage when a child begins to develop their sense of industry or the ability to work hard towards objectives and goals. Children who are applauded for their efforts and encouraged by their teachers will be able to create a sense of accomplishment and avoid the need to look at others as a comparison.
At the age of middle-age most people begin to contemplate their mortality. There are people who feel regret over things they’ve performed or did not do. A person who can overcome the challenges of this stage will most likely enjoy a rewarding and prosperous retirement. However,if they don’t overcome these challenges in time,they may face a mid-life crisis that can cause serious mental health problems.